5.+Stem+cell+therapy


 * __Stem Cell Therapies:__**

People with Parkinson have problems with movement, balance and speech. The reasons why they have big difficulties are the brain cells called dopamine neurons. The cells, which produce this dopamine, help to control the muscle movements. Their plan is to replace the dead dopamine neurons with healthy dopamine producing cells
 * Define the problem**

**Finding the right type of stem cells** Their main task is to become immune cells.
 * __Blastocyst embryonic stem cells__** are pluripotent cells that mean they can alter into almost every type of stem cells. Researches haven’t bred embryonic human stem cells in culture yet. But they can not be used for this process all the time.
 * __Fetal stem cells__** are in fetal brain cell and are the natural source of dopamine neurons.
 * __Umbilical cord blood stem cells:__** Cord blood contains stem cells which can alter into many different types of stem cells (as mentioned before).
 * __Adult stem cells:__** They are multipotent stem cells and responsible for development certain types of tissues. They are the best candidates to combat the Parkinson disease because they can differ into dopamine neurons.

** Match the stem cells with transplant recipient **. Stem cells must be matched closely to the recipient organ cells, because our immune system can recognize stem cells and attack them. That’s why blood samples from both individuals (donor and recipient) have to be used. Donor and recipient have to have identical HLA antigens (proteins, which reside on surfaces of specific immune cells) and if they are identical, they will be a good match. But researches found out that immune responses are typically muted in the brain and that’s why they predict that there will be no rejection of stem cells. This delivering of stem cells requires a surgical procedure, which must get stem cells to their target destination while causing no further injury to the recipient. The cells are placed by surgeons by drilling small holes in the skull and injecting the cells through a needle. Precise procedures are used by surgeons also to ensure that the injections the correct place in the brain.
 * Put the stem cells in the right place. **

** Make the transplanted stem cells perform ** The survival of cells in their new environment and production of dopamine is up to the cells, because there is no guarantee that transplanted cells would behave as desired. If they don’t survive they might have malfunctioned, formed tumors or died. Fortunately the treatment was successful, but people who underwent the procedure had side effects, including involuntary muscle twitching and jerking. Because of that implantation there is a hope for a progress, but the procedure of treating patients with Parkingson’s disease has to be refined, because of side effects.
 * __There are two ways:__**
 * 1) Cells will survive and produce dopamine
 * 2) There can be other symptoms